Which ions are involved in fluoride-enhanced remineralization?

• A. Calcium and phosphate ions
• B. Sodium and chloride ions
• C. Potassium and magnesium ions
• D. Fluoride and sodium ions

Answer: (A)

Calcium and phosphate ions are the minerals that rebuild enamel. Fluoride enhances this process by promoting the deposition of these minerals and forming fluorapatite, a fluoride-containing mineral that is more resistant to acid dissolution. In caries-prone areas, calcium and phosphate from saliva or plaque re-deposit into demineralized enamel, and fluoride speeds and strengthens this rebuilding, improving the crystal lattice’s stability. The other ion pairs don’t supply the main mineral components of enamel; sodium, chloride, potassium, or magnesium aren’t the primary building blocks for remineralization, so they’re not the key players in fluoride-enhanced repair.